“Following this lead, Calvinists customarily distinguished typological meaning from allegory and all other figurative modes in scripture, identifying it as part of the full or entire or perfect literal sense — the symbolic dimension of the literal sense which, in the course of time, is uncovered and fulfilled” (Lewalski, Protestant Poetics, p. 120).
Protestant Poetic Sophistication
“The reformers loudly denounced the profusion of allegories and the doctrine of the four senses . . . But the Reformers accepted, and indeed exalted, typological symbolism, endeavoring by more and more rigorous means to distinguish this divinely sanctioned symbolic method from arbitrary allegorizing . . . the new Protestant emphasis is clear: it makes …
The Caricatured Puritan
One of the things I like to do is stick up for Puritans. If there is ever a contest for “most misrepresented” groups within the history of Christendom, the Puritans will certainly be in the final four, and would probably win the championship. Caricatured as stuffy, priggish, censorious, prim, prudish and more, the Puritans have …
Some Protestantism as Arch-Romanism
“The holy community which Calvin sought to set up in Geneva represents in some ways a completer integration of Christianity with civilization than anything Europe had yet seen. It is true that there emerges within Calvinism, especially in its later Puritan developments, a more negative attitude toward the cultural amenities than had been present in …
The Reformers and Typology
“As everyone knows, the rallying cry of the Reformation was ‘the one sense of Scripture,’ the sole authority of the literal meaning . . . this precept by no means led to prosaic literalism. As we shall see in more detail later, the tirades against medieval allegorizing leveled by Luther, Tyndal, Calvin, Perkins, and many …
Radical Poetics
“Although attention to the rhetorical figures in the biblical text had characterized Christian exegesis from the patristic ages onward, the Reformation brought in its wake both a greater emphasis upon, and a more systematic analysis of, the tropes and schemes that made biblical language radically poetic” (Lewalsky, Protestant Poetics, p. 72).
Calvinism Inside the Temple
George Herbert “is devoted to the visible church — its ritual, architecture, sacraments — but his theology is Calvinist: he affirms the double predestination (in ‘The Water-course’) and he struggles hard throughout the volume to relinquish any claim to any good thing as emanating from himself” (Lewalski, Protestant Poetics, p. 25).
Foundations for Poetry
“My point here is simply that Calvinism provided a detailed chart of the spiritual life for Elizabethan and seventeenth century English Protestants, and that this map also afforded fundamental direction to the major religious lyric poets” (Lewalski, Protestant Poetics, p. 14).
Poetics of Grace
“Similarly, William H. Halewood argues that the pervasive Augustinianism of the period — Augustine as interpreted by the Reformation — led Donne, Herbert, Vaughan, Marvell, and Milton to develop a poetic mode exploring man’s radical sinfulness and God’s overpowering grace” (Lewalski, Protestant Poetics, p. 14).
A Bedrock of Calvinism
“It is hardly necessary now to argue that the theological tenor of the English Church in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries was firmly Protestant, even Calvinist, though literary critics have been in some danger of forgetting that fact as they stress Roman Catholic influences upon Donne or the medieval literary heritage of Herbert, …