“Searching for answers to escape from this dilemma, Muslims have developed three major responses: secularism, reformism, and fundamentalism. Secularism holds that Muslims can only advance by emulating the West . . . Reformism, which offers a murky middle, is very popular. Whereas secularism forthrightly calls for learning from the West, reformism sneakily appropriates from it . . . The third response to the modern trauma is fundamentalism, also known as Islamism or militant Islam. It has three main features: a devotion to the sacred law, a rejection of Western influences, and a turning of faith into ideology” (Daniel Pipes, Militant Islam Reaches America, pp. 6-7).
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